Ruhollah Khomeini (1902–1989) was an influential Iranian political and religious leader who played a central role in the 1979 Iranian Revolution, which led to the overthrow of the Pahlavi monarchy. Born in Khomein, Iran, Khomeini became a prominent Shiite cleric and scholar, deeply rooted in Islamic theology and jurisprudence. His opposition to the Shah of Iran, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, was driven by his criticism of Western influence in Iran, perceived corruption, and the Shah’s secular policies.

Khomeini’s leadership during the revolution united diverse factions under the goal of establishing an Islamic Republic. Following the revolution, he became Iran’s Supreme Leader, a position that granted him ultimate authority over political and religious matters. Under his rule, Iran adopted a theocratic system based on Islamic principles, with the concept of “Velayat-e Faqih” (Guardianship of the Islamic Jurist) as its foundation.

Khomeini’s tenure was marked by significant events, including the Iran Hostage Crisis and the Iran-Iraq War. His legacy remains controversial, with supporters praising him for restoring Islamic governance and critics condemning his authoritarian policies and human rights record. Khomeini’s impact continues to shape Iran’s political and social landscape today.