Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini (1902–1989) was a prominent Iranian religious leader, revolutionary, and the founder of the Islamic Republic of Iran. He played a central role in the 1979 Iranian Revolution, which overthrew the Pahlavi monarchy led by Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi. Khomeini’s leadership marked a significant turning point in Iran’s history, establishing an Islamic theocracy based on the principles of Shia Islam.

Born in Khomein, Iran, Khomeini became a respected scholar in Islamic jurisprudence and philosophy. His opposition to the Shah’s regime began in the 1960s, driven by his disapproval of Western influence, secularization policies, and perceived corruption. After years of exile in countries like Iraq and France, Khomeini returned to Iran in February 1979 amidst widespread protests, becoming the Supreme Leader—a position granting him ultimate authority over the country.

Under Khomeini’s leadership, Iran underwent major political, social, and cultural changes, emphasizing Islamic principles in governance. His tenure also saw significant events, such as the U.S. Embassy hostage crisis and the Iran-Iraq War. Khomeini remains a polarizing figure, celebrated by supporters as a symbol of anti-imperialism and criticized by others for his authoritarian rule and human rights record.